THE PRESUMPTION OF SUSPICION / 嫌疑推定
THE PRESUMPTION OF SUSPICION
- 嫌疑推定 -
The Protective Appeal
and The Punitive Appeal has different requirements for the evidence！
(1) Evidence of God's existence
So
far, there is no evidence of God's existence, but people still believe that God
exists, why? Because of "SUSPICION" (no derogatory meaning).
SUSPICION is
a presumption of probability of the existence of an event, based on reasonable
logic.
· Logic is the bottom layer of evidence, and if the evidence is
lacking, one must presume the probability of the event according to reasonable
logic.
· Believe that God exists or not depends on the logic of people's
thinking, not evidence.
· In litigation, it is the criminal's instinct to deliberately hide
the evidence of the crime, and when the evidence of the crime is not readily
available, the judge's duty is to weigh the existing evidence against the
internal logic.
(2) Citizen's legal
appeals
In a
society ruled by law, there are bound to be some legal appeals of citizens,
which can be divided into three levels, namely
1 BASIC APPEALS, 2PROTECTIVE APPEALS, and 3 PUNITIVE APPEALS.
BASIC APPEALS are the appeals for the most basic human rights, which include the
appeal of right for survival and the appeal of right for freedom (including
freedom of speech, action, belief, etc.).
· The basic
appeals are naturally justified.
· For example, faith in God is the basic appeal of faith, which
requires no evidence, only logic, and when logic is not refutable, people have
the right to freedom of belief.
PROTECTIVE APPEALS are the appeals by which people seek legal protection from
infringement.
· A Protective Appeal can be applied to Civil infringement Cases, and
it requires reliable logic and sufficient superficial evidence to prove the
other party's suspicion of infringement exists.
PUNITIVE APPEALS are the appeals by which people require the law punish the criminal
for the crime.
· A Punitive Appeal can be applied to Criminal Cases, and it requires
reliable logic and unquestionable core evidence to prove a real crime has been
committed by the other party.
(3) Determining the attribution of the relevant benefits.
Corresponding
to Protection Appeals and Punitive Appeals, there are two principles for
determining the attribution of relevant benefits, namely 1 “THE PRESUMPTION OF SUSPICION“，and 2”THE PRESUMPTION OF
INNOCENCE“.
THE PRESUMPTION OF SUSPICION (short in PS) means that when the
defendant's infringement suspicion
is established, the competing benefits are attributed to the plaintiff, and
when the defendant's infringement
suspicion is not established, the competing benefits are attributed to the
defendant.
· Also called “The benefits are
attributed to those who have no infringement
suspicion”.
· The law does not need to correct the trajectory of the event when no
suspicion exist, and the law should correct the trajectory of the event when
suspicion exists！
· The PS applies to the Protective Appeal
and should be limited to Civil Infringement Cases only.
· This legal principle reflects the legitimacy of the protection of
people with no suspicion.
· The determination of the infringement suspicion requires reasonable
logic and relevant evidence, even if it is not the direct evidence.
· It is the judge's responsibility to determine whether the logic and
evidence presented by the plaintiff is sufficient to establish the defendant's infringement
suspicion.
THE PRESUMPTION OF INNOCENCE (short in PI) means that the benefits
are attributed to the defendant when the evidence against the accused is
insufficient to convict him.
· Also called “The benefits
are attributed to the defendant when evidence is in doubt”.
· The PI applies to the Punitive Appeal and has dominated the most Criminal Case.
· This legal principle reflects the legitimacy of avoiding the
wrongful conviction.
· The exclusion of doubts in the evidence requires both reasonable logic and hardness evidence.
· It is the judge's responsibility to determine whether the prosecution's
evidence is in doubt and to ensure that the offence is punishable by hard
evidence.
To sum up, when the plaintiff appeals for protection,
the law should apply the principle of PS, and
when the plaintiff appeals to punish the crime, the law should apply the
principle of PI.
· When the PS applies, the judge's discretion
should be reflected in his or her judgment of probability to the existence of suspicion.
· When the
PI applies, the judge's discretion should be reflected in his or her judgment
of probability to the existence of evidence in doubt.
· The Protective Appeal and the Punitive Appeal have different requirements for the
evidence!
(10.10.2020 / Vancouver / Bare Room)
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嫌疑推定
- THE PRESUMPTION OF SUSPICION –
保护性诉求和惩罚性诉求对证据的要求不同！
(1) 神存在的证据
至今，没有证据可以证明神存在，但是依然有很多人相信神，为什么？因为“嫌疑”（中性词，非贬义）。
嫌疑 是基于合理的逻辑对事件存在概率的假设。
l 逻辑是最证据的底层，如果证据不足，就必须按照合理的逻辑来推测事件发生的概率。
l 相信神存在与否取决于人的思维逻辑，而不是证据。
l 在诉讼中，故意隐瞒犯罪证据是犯罪者的本能，当犯罪证据不易获得时，法官的职责就是权衡现有得证据与内在的逻辑。
(2) 公民的法律诉求
在法治社会中，必然公民会有一些法律诉求，可以分为三个层次，即1基本诉求，2保护性诉求，3惩罚性诉求。
基本诉求 是对最基本人权的诉求，包括生存权诉求和自由权诉求（包括言论自由、行动自由、信仰自由等）。
l 基本诉求是天然正义的。
l 例如，对神的信仰是基本的信仰诉求，不需要证据，只需要逻辑，当逻辑无可辩驳时，人就有自由信仰神的权利。
保护性诉求 是人们寻求法律保护他们免受侵权的诉求。
l 保护性诉求适用于民事侵权类案件，需要可靠的逻辑和充分的表面证据来证明对方存在侵权的嫌疑。
惩罚性诉求 是人们要求法律惩罚犯罪者的诉求。
l 惩罚性诉求适用于刑事(横法)案件，需要可靠的逻辑和无可置疑的核心证据来证明对方确实实施了犯罪。
(3) 确定相关利益的归属
对应于保护性诉求和惩罚性诉求，有两个可以被用来确定相关利益归属的原则，即1“嫌疑推定”，和2“无罪推定”。
嫌疑推定（THE
PRESUMPTION OF SUSPICION，简称PS）是指当被告人的侵权嫌疑成立时，系争利益归属于原告，当被告人的侵权嫌疑不成立时，系争利益归属于被告。
l 正所谓：“当侵权嫌疑存在时，利益归于没有嫌疑的人”。
l 当没有侵权嫌疑时，法律无需纠正事件的轨迹；当有侵权嫌疑时，法律应该纠正事件的轨迹！
l PS 仅适用于保护性诉求，并应当限定于民事侵权类案件。
l 这一法律原则体现了法律对无嫌疑者的保护。
l 侵权嫌疑的认定需要合理的逻辑和相关的证据，即便不是直接证据。
l 法官有责任确定原告提出的逻辑和证据是否足以确定被告的侵权嫌疑。
无罪推定（THE
PRESUMPTION OF INNOCENCE，简称 PI）是指当针对被告的刑罪证据不足以定罪时，利益归于被告。
l 正所谓：“当（刑罪）证据有疑问时，利益归于被告”。
l PI 仅适用于惩罚性诉求，并主导了当前大多数的刑诉案件。
l 这一法律原则反映了避免错误定罪的合法性。
l 排除证据中的疑点需要逻辑的合理性和证据的确凿性。
l 法官有责任确定控方的证据是否存在疑点，并确保存在确凿证据的刑罪受到惩罚。
综上，当原告提出保护性诉求时，法律应适用PS原则；当原告提出惩罚性诉求时，法律应适用PI原则。
l 当PS 适用时，法官的自由裁量权应反映在对侵权嫌疑是否存在的判断上。
l 当PI 适用时，法官的自由裁量权应反映在对刑罪证据是否存在疑点的判断上。
l 保护性诉求和惩罚性诉求对证据的要求不同！
(10.10.2020 / Vancouver / Bare Room)